Blackmore Vale Vets Ltd
Client Information Sheet: Canine Brucellosis (2026)
What is Canine Brucellosis?
Canine Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by Brucella canis that primarily affects dogs. It is also a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from dogs to humans.
Historically, Canine Brucellosis was extremely rare in the UK. However, in recent years the number of cases has increased, largely due to the importation of dogs from Eastern European countries where the disease is more common. Most UK cases to date have been linked to imported dogs.
How Dogs Become Infected
Brucella canis mainly targets the reproductive system but can affect other parts of the body. Infection can occur through:
- Mating with an infected dog
- Contact with infected bodily fluids (including urine, vaginal discharge, semen, blood)
- Exposure to abortion material, which is highly infectious
- Transmission from mother to puppies before or after birth
Some dogs may show no clinical signs but can still spread the infection.
Clinical Signs in Dogs
Signs can vary and may not appear for months or years. Common symptoms include:
- Abortion or infertility
- Lethargy and fever
- Weight loss
- Lameness or back pain (due to infection of the spine or joints)
In many cases, the infection cannot be completely cleared and may become chronic.
Brucellosis in Humans
Humans can become infected through close contact with an infected dog or contaminated materials.
- Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, muscle or joint pain or abortion and infertility
- People at higher risk include:
◦ Pregnant women
◦ Young children
◦ Immunosuppressed individuals
Infection is rarely fatal, and most people recover fully with appropriate antibiotic treatment. However, if left untreated, serious complications affecting the heart, brain, or spinal cord can occur.
Diagnosis and Testing
Testing for Canine Brucellosis involves detecting antibodies produced by the immune system.
- Antibodies may take up to 3 months to develop
- A second test 3 months after import is required to confirm that a dog is free of infection
- Our policy is that all dogs imported from at-risk countries are to be tested for Brucella to protect owners, the public, and veterinary staff.
Positive results for Brucella canis must be legally reported to DEFRA in England, Wales, and Scotland.
If a Dog Tests Positive
- A repeat test is usually recommended 4–6 weeks later to confirm the result or assess seroconversion
- Our practice will continue to provide general veterinary care using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
- At present, the only method that completely eliminates risk of transmission is euthanasia; however, this is not obligatory
If your dog is diagnosed with Canine Brucellosis, we will discuss all available options, risks, and implications with you in detail.
If hospitalisation, dentistry, or surgery is required, decisions will be made on a case-by-case risk assessment.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can my dog live a normal life with Brucella canis?
Many dogs can appear healthy and comfortable, but the infection is usually lifelong. Ongoing management is needed to reduce risks to other dogs and people.
Can my dog still be around other dogs?
Close contact with other dogs, especially unneutered or breeding dogs, should be avoided. Your vet will advise you on safe interactions.
Is it safe for my family to be around my dog?
The risk to people is low, but sensible hygiene is important. Children, pregnant people, and those with weakened immune systems should avoid close contact.
Will antibiotics cure the infection?
Antibiotics may reduce symptoms, but they rarely clear the infection completely. Dogs can remain carriers even after treatment.
Why is neutering recommended?
Neutering reduces the spread of the bacteria and helps lower the risk to other dogs and people.